ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bile duct injury is a life-threatening complication that requires proper management to prevent the onset of negative outcomes. Patients may experience repeated episodes of cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and death. OBJECTIVE: To report a single center experience in iatrogenic secondary liver transplantation after cholecystectomy and review the literature. METHODS: This was a retrospective single center study. Of the 1662 liver transplantation realized, 10 (0.60 %) were secondary to iatrogenic bile ducts injuries due cholecystectomies. Medical records of these patients were reviewed in this study. RESULTS: Nine of 10 patients were women; the median time in waiting list and between cholecystectomy and inclusion in waiting list was of 222 days and of 139.9 months, respectively. Cholecystectomy was performed by open approach in eight (80%) cases and by laparoscopic approach in two (20%) cases. The patients underwent an average of 3.5 surgeries and procedures before liver transplantation. Biliary reconstruction was realized with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in nine (90%) cases. Mean operative time was 447.2 minutes and the median red blood cell transfusion was 3.4 units per patient. Mortality in the first month was of 30%. CONCLUSION: Although the liver transplantation is an extreme treatment for an initially benign disease, it has its well-defined indications in treatment of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy, either in acute or chronic scenario.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: A lesão da via biliar é uma complicação que pode ameaçar a vida e que requer manejo adequado para prevenir o aparecimento de desfechos negativos. Os pacientes podem apresentar episódios repetidos de colangite, cirrose biliar secundária, doença hepática terminal e até mesmo morte. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a experiência de um único centro em transplante hepático secundário a lesão iatrogênica de via biliar pós-colecistectomia e fazer uma revisão de literatura. MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de um único centro. Dos 1662 transplantes de fígado, 10 (0,60%) foram secundários a lesões iatrogênicas das vias biliares devido à colecistectomias. Os prontuários médicos desses pacientes foram revisados neste estudo. RESULTADOS: Nove dos dez pacientes eram mulheres; o tempo médio em lista de espera de transplante e entre colecistectomia e inclusão na lista de espera foi de 222 dias e de 139,9 meses, respectivamente. A colecistectomia foi realizada por abordagem aberta em oito (80%) casos e por abordagem laparoscópica em dois (20%) casos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma média de 3,5 cirurgias e procedimentos antes do transplante de fígado e a reconstrução biliar foi realizada com hepaticojejunostomia em Y-de-Roux em nove (90%) casos. O tempo operatório médio foi de 447,2 minutos e a média de transfusão de concentrados de hemácias foi de 3,4 unidades por paciente. Mortalidade no primeiro mês foi de 30%. CONCLUSÃO: Embora o transplante de fígado seja um tratamento extremo para uma doença inicialmente benigna, ele tem suas indicações bem definidas no tratamento de lesões biliares após colecistectomia, seja em um cenário agudo ou crônico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Bile Ducts/injuries , Liver Transplantation , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/surgery , Bile Ducts/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Iatrogenic Disease , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
ANTECEDENTES: La colangitis biliar primaria (CBP) es una enfermedad hepática inflamatoria crónica colestásica de causa desconocida. Varios patógenos virales y bacterianos han sido propuestos como factores que podrían gatillar una respuesta inmune por mimetismo molecular, o directamente estar relacionados en la persistencia del daño biliar. Existen reportes controversiales respecto al rol de en la patogenia de CBP. OBJETIVOS: Investigar marcadores de infección de séricos y en hígado de pacientes con CBP. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Veinte pacientes diagnosticados con CBP y 20 pacientes control con otras enfermedades hepáticas crónicas no colestásicas fueron estudiados. Se determinaron anticuerpos séricos anti- (IgG). Se realizó detección inmunohistoquímica de antígenos de en hígado. Se extrajo DNA de hígado para amplificación de la secuencia específica de rRNA 16S de por PCR. Fueron usados controles de amplificación de DNA bacteriano y humano. Los pacientes firmaron consentimiento informado. Se realizó un metaanálisis de la diferencia de riesgo de CBP en pacientes infectados por y en un grupo control. RESULTADOS: Los anticuerpos séricos fueron positivos en 30% de los pacientes con CBP y 50% de los controles (p = NS). Antígenos de no fueron detectados en tejido hepático de pacientes con CBP ni de controles. No se amplificó ADN bacteriano en ninguna de las muestras. El metaanálisis de la diferencia de riesgo mostró gran heterogeneidad de los estudios, por lo que no se realizó una estimación de diferencia de riesgo agrupada. DISCUSIÓN: No encontramos asociación entre infección por y CBP. En la evidencia actual, un estudio presenta resultados a favor de la asociación entre y CBP y tres estudios resultados en contra.,
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic inflammatory liver disease of unknown cause. Several viral and bacterial pathogens have been proposed as factors that could either trigger an immune response by molecular mimicry or directly be involved in the persistence of biliary damage. There are conflicting reports respecting the role of in the pathogenesis of PBC. To investigate markers of infection in serum and liver tissue from patients with PBC. Twenty patients with diagnosis of PBC and 20 control patients with other non-cholestatic chronic liver diseases were studied. Serum anti- antibodies (IgG) were determined. Liver tissue was available for immunohistochemistry detection of antigens. DNA was extracted from liver tissue and a specific sequence of 16S rRNA gene was amplified by CPR. Adequate controls of bacterial and human DNA amplification were used. Informed consent was obtained from patients. A meta-analysis of risk difference of PBC in Chlamydophila pneumoniae infected patients and in the control groupwas performed. Serum antibodies were positive in 30% of patients with PBC and 50% of controls (p = NS). antigens were not detected in liver tissue neither of patients with PBC nor controls. Bacterial DNA did not amplify in any of the samples, despite good amplification of internal and external controls. Risk difference meta-analysis showed high heterogeneity between studies. Therefore, we did not estimate a pooled risk difference. Our results do not support the association between infection and PBC. In the current literature only one study shows an association between and PBC, but other three studies do not support it.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis , Chlamydophila Infections/complications , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/microbiology , DNA, Bacterial , Immunoglobulin G , Immunohistochemistry , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics , Liver/microbiology , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiologyABSTRACT
La colangitis biliar primaria (CBP), es una colangiopatía crónica caracterizada por la destrucción selectiva de las células epiteliales biliares de conductos hepáticos de pequeño y mediano calibre, que afecta principalmente a mujeres. Los principales síntomas son la fatiga y el prurito, sin embargo, gran porcentaje de los pacientes pueden ser asintomáticos. El diagnóstico se basa en anticuerpos antimitocondriales (AMA) con títulos >1:40, fosfatasa alcalina >1,5 veces del límite superior normal por más de 24 semanas e histología hepática compatible con la patología. Se asocia con múltiples enfermedades principalmente de carácter autoinmune extra hepáticas, enfermedades tiroideas, óseas, entre otras. El tratamiento de primera línea es el ácido ursodesoxicólico (AUDC) que a pesar que no cura la enfermedad, mejora las pruebas del perfil hepático, así como el retraso en la progresión a cirrosis. Actualmente se encuentran en estudio nuevos tratamientos y terapias adyuvantes. El propósito de esta revisión es ofrecer una actualización de este tema que se presenta en los servicios de medicina interna y gastroenterología; para su realización se conformó un equipo interdisciplinario que desarrolló una búsqueda en la base Medline a través de PubMed con las palabras claves correspondientes y se procedió a una lectura crítica y analítica de títulos, resúmenes y textos completos para el filtro, extracción y síntesis de la información encontrada
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholangiopathy characterized by a selective destruction of biliary epithelial cells of small and medium caliber hepatic ducts, which mainly affects women. The main symptoms are fatigue and pruritus, however, a large proportion of patients may be asymptomatic. The diagnosis is based on AMA titers >1:40, alkaline phosphatase >1.5 times the upper limit for more than 24 weeks and compatible liver histology. It is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases mainly extrahepatic, thyroid diseases, bone diseases, among others. The first line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), that improves liver function tests and delay the progression to cirrhosis. Currently, there are new treatments and adjuvant therapies on study. The purpose of this review is to offer an update in this topic, which is very important in gastroenterology and internal medicine. We formed an interdisciplinary team to search in the database Medline thorough PubMed with the key words describe below, we made a critical lecture of the titles and abstracts of each article to write this paper
Subject(s)
Humans , Cholangitis , Pruritus/etiology , Autoantibodies/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology , Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology , Urinary Tract Infections/complications , Ursodeoxycholic Acid/therapeutic use , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Smoking/adverse effects , Cholangitis/complications , Cholangitis/physiopathology , Cholangitis/immunology , Cholangitis/epidemiology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Fatigue/etiology , Microbiota , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/prevention & control , Mitochondria/immunology , Antibody SpecificityABSTRACT
La fístula biliopleurobronquial (FBB) es una comunicación anormal entre la vía biliar y el árbol bronquial. Es una condición infrecuente, generalmente secundaria a un proceso infeccioso local o a un evento traumático. La bilioptisis es patognomónica. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 37 años con historia de cirrosis biliar secundaria, en lista para trasplante hepático, con múltiples episodios de colangitis previos y usuaria de derivación biliar externa, quien curso con bilioptisis y mediante gammagrafía HIDA con SPECT se confirmó fistula biliopleurobronquial. Éste caso se resolvió con derivación percutánea de la vía biliar
Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is an abnormal communication between the biliary tract and the bronchial tree. Is an infrequent condition, usually secondary to a local infectious process or a traumatic event. Bilioptisis is pathognomonic. We present the case of a 37 year old woman with secondary biliary cirrhosis, in list for liver transplantation, with several episodes of cholangitis and carrier of external biliary diverivation, who presented bilioptisis and HIDA scintigraphy with SPECT confirmed BBF. This case was resolved with percutaneous derivation of the biliary tract
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Biliary Fistula/diagnosis , Bronchial Fistula/diagnosis , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Bile , Bile Ducts/injuries , Biliopancreatic Diversion , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Cholangitis/etiology , Biliary Fistula/etiology , Biliary Fistula/diagnostic imaging , Bronchial Fistula/etiology , Bronchial Fistula/diagnostic imaging , Cough , Catheters , Conversion to Open Surgery , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiologyABSTRACT
La cirrosis Biliar Primaria, es una enfermedad crónica, colestásica del higado, caracterizada por la destrucción inmunoinflamatoria de ductos biliares intrahepáticos. Es de curso progresivo y evoluciona a cirrosis, produciendo muerte por insuficiencia hepática o por hemorragia secundaria a ruptura de várices esófago-gástricas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/prevention & control , BoliviaABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso a longo prazo do flavonóide quercetina em ratos cirróticos por ligadura de ducto biliar comum (LDB). MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 32 ratos machos Wistar, sendo submetidos à LDB ou simulação, e distribuídos em 4 grupos: 1) controle, 2) cirróticos, 3) cirróticos tratados com quercetina 50mg/kg, intraperitonealmente, desde o segundo dia após o procedimento cirúrgico; e 4) cirróticos tratados após o décimo quarto dia do procedimento cirúrgico. Analisou-se a função hepática por meio de testes bioquímicos (BT e BD) e atividade enzimática (ALT, AST, FA e GGT). Na análise anatomopatológica, utilizou-se a coloração de Hematoxilina & Eosina (H&E) e de Picrosírius para fibrose. A análise estatística para avaliação de sobrevivência foi realizada pelo teste Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Os resultados de sobrevivência dos oito animais de cada grupo foram: Grupo 1 = 200 dias de sobrevivência; Grupo 2 = 46 dias; Grupo 3 = 71 dias; e o Grupo 4 = 90 dias. Nos animais com ligadura de ducto biliar comum houve aumento das provas de função hepática e enzimáticas que se reduziu hipoteticamente com o tratamento com quercetina. Foram identificadas cirrose, congestão vascular porta e centrolobular na análise histopatológica por H&E e Picrosírius. CONCLUSÃO: O uso da quercetina diminuiu de maneira significante as alterações bioquímicas provocadas pela cirrose, aumentando o tempo de sobrevivência dos animais com cirrose biliar secundária à LDB, como verificado pelo teste de análise de sobrevivência.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/drug therapy , Ligation , Quercetin , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Common Bile Duct , Ligation , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
mediante la exploración quirúrgica e identificación de los distomas adultos. El primer caso falleció por insuficiencia hepática y el segundo, recibió tratamiento con prazicuantel y se encuentra estable. Conclusiones: existen al menos cincuenta casos En México, la fasciolosis hepática es la parasitosis más común de la vía biliar. La infestación masiva es común en el ganado vacuno o bovino y en el hombre se presenta rara vez. Sólo existen dos informes previos de este evento y nosotros contribuimos con dos casos más. Presentación de casos. Ambos ocurrieron en pacientes cirróticos por alcohol, con historia de ingesta de berros (Nasturium officinalis) y se manifestaron con ictericia, dolor abdominal y dilatación coledociana. El diagnóstico se estableció de fasciolosis en México desde 1935, la mayoría de los cuales ha sido diagnosticada preoperatoriamente como colelitiasis, a pesar que en la mayoría había historia de ingesta de berros.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Fascioliasis , Liver/parasitologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical spectrum and management of choledochal cyst in children below 12 years of age. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. METHODS: Twenty three children with choledochal cysts were managed between January 1991 to September 1997 and their clinical details, investigations and management were recorded. Choledochal cyst was diagnosed by ultrasonography and confirmed by ERCP or peroperative cholangioram (POC) Children were treated with antibiotics and/or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage if there was cholangitis and subsequently subjected to surgery (excision of the cyst and jejunal loop interposition hepaticoduodenostomy). RESULTS: The median age of these children was 3 years with an almost equal sex ratio. Predominant presentation was jaundice in 18, pain abdomen in 15, fever in 12, and lump abdomen in 9 cases. The classical triad of jaundice, pain and lump was present in only 4 cases. ERCP conducted in 7 and POC in 14 cases yielded positive findings in all. Clinically there were two distinct forms of presentation: (i) infantile form (< or = 1 year) comprised 9 infants which presented with jaundice in all, acholic stool in 6, lump abdomen in 4 but only one had classical triad; and (ii) childhood form (> 1 year) presented with pain abdomen in 12 and jaundice and cholangitis in 9 subjects each. Type I cyst was seen in 20 and type IVa in 3. Two children refused surgery, and the rest underwent surgery. Three infants died after surgery, the remaining 18 were alive and well on follow-up (median 25 months). Secondary biliary cirrhosis was seen in 6, extra hepatic biliary artresia in 2 and congenital hepatic fibrosis in 1 on histology. CONCLUSIONS: Choledochal cysts present in two clinically distinct forms. Infantile form is an important cause of cholestasis of infancy. Early diagnosis and referral is essential to prevent complications and death, and prognosis after surgery is good.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Pain/diagnosis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Biliary Atresia/diagnosis , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholangiography , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Cholangitis/diagnosis , Choledochal Cyst/classification , Cholestasis/etiology , Drainage , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Jaundice/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis/congenital , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Male , Portoenterostomy, Hepatic , Prognosis , Survival RateSubject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Biliary Tract/injuries , Iatrogenic Disease/epidemiology , Intraoperative Complications , Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y , Anastomosis, Surgical , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Cholecystectomy , Cholestasis/complications , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology , Hepatic Duct, Common/surgery , Biliary Fistula/surgery , Follow-Up Studies , Jejunum/surgery , Surgical Procedures, OperativeABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso de una paciente con cirrosis biliar xantomatosa con los signos y síntomas clásicos de esta afección. LLama la atención, no obstante, la curiosa disposición zoniforme de los xantomas cuya única localización asienta sobre cicatrices submamarias de un herpes zoster intercostal padecido siete meses antes de su enfermedad actual. El diagnóstico diferencial clínico se planteó en un principio con liquen plano teniendo en cuenta sobre todo las últimas publicaciones de C.B.P. asociado a este último. Se hace una reseña clínica y laboratorial de la enfermedad y de los actuales conceptos etiopatogénicos que sindican a la C.B.P. como una enfermedad crónica injerto contra huésped en la que hígado y piel se comportan como órganos diana